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“Have a seat boy,” the cigar-smoking fleshy man said to me as I walked into his living room. Like the rest of the house it was plush, with blue-toned paintings on the wall and two separate tables bearing silver tea sets. It was my first scramble out to Vanglory Hills, the rich side of town, and I was suitably impressed. Compared to the houses in my neighborhood this place was a mansion. I found myself conscious for the first time of the frays in my leather jacket, the places where my jeans were well worn. In this opulent glare I was an certain intruder.

Sitting the middle of it all, sporting a five o’clock shadow at twelve o’clock, Big Earl Sorrell lounged, looking very much at home and a good deal like I had pictured he would. Growing up I had heard many times about this man and the way he ruled Lafayette’s business and politics with an iron fist. Sitting in his easy chair, with a drink in one hand and the immense cigar in the other, he certainly seemed everything I had been led to maintain. Even in his housecoat at noon he radiated authority.

“You wanna Jack n’ coke boy? ” he asked as I sat down opposite him beside the roaring fire.

“Sure,” I said smiling. He called for his servant, a black lady in a white uniform, to bring it to me. Outside of the house I could hear the winter wind as it blew among the barren oak trees in the big front yard. It was December 1976, our country’s bicentennial year. Mabel had been dead eleven months, Carlos and I were high school seniors, and my first lesson in Lafayette politics was about to launch.

“How old are you anyway? ” he asked as I took my drink.

“Seventeen,” I answered. The legal age to consume alcohol was eighteen, but I had been knocking assist shots on Saturday nights with Carlos for years. Big Earl watched me with a slight smile as I gulped the drink.

“Seventeen. Hell, I remember when I was seventeen. Graduated from Troy High right here in town that year. Went off to school after that. You goin off to school next year, boy? “

“No,” I said shaking my head, “I don’t think so. Tully needs my help round the club. I’ll be able to do a lot more when I’m of age.”

At the mention of the club he seemed to draw intensity. The heavy brows came together, and he knocked the ashes from his cigar while laying his drink on the nearby table. With his free hand he made a gesture for the woman to leave us.

“That’s sort of what I wanted to talk to you about, Milton. I’ve been watching y’alls progress down there. We were all sorry to hear ’bout Mabel’s death last year. She was a nice lady. Nobody thought a woman could run that place, but she did a delicate job. Now, as I understand it, she left everything to you.”

“Yeah, that’s right Mr. Sorrell. All of Paradise Alley at least, and the apartments we live in. But I don’t really take over until I get to be twenty-one. Tully’s the manager for now. Mr. Giovelli, I mean. He’s got what’s called power of attorney. But he attractive much lets me have a say in all the decisions. Carlos, Mr. Giovelli’s kid who goes to school with me, he’s been helpin accelerate the place since he turned eighteen last summer. Victor Carter, Mabel’s stock guy, is the head bartender now.”

“Call me Earl, Milton. So Carter runs the bar. Black fella, legal? “

“Yeah. He does the schedules for the dance floor bar and the side room. Tully hires the people and orders the booze, though. Katie Conroy does the books.”

“Oh, I see. What about the dancers? “

“The girls all come out of an agency. It’s called Night Dreams. The club’s been with them since before we changed names. Linda Stone runs their office here, she does all the bookings. We got mostly local girls, but they all go through Linda anyway.”

“I know Linda Stone,” he said. “She books most of the dance clubs in Lafayette. I know you get your booze from Bob Lane at Eastway Spirits. Mabel built a pleasurable little operation, better than that no-account husband of hers did when he ran the place. Now it’s all yours. Not bad for someone who ain’t even drafting age yet. Lot of benefits for a young boy, owning a strip club. Tell me, you get laid a lot, Milt? “

I didn’t answer. Gargantuan Earl’s grin was the smile of a hawk.

“And I understand your sister still lives with you. She’s younger than you are right? It’s a wonder the public services people ain’t looked into your situation. You should’ve both been moved to foster care by now.”

I looked at the carpet, then the paintings, not meeting his recognize. After ten seconds he changed the subject.
“Milton, do you know what I do? “

“Yes sir. You’re the city manager.”

“That’s right, son. For thirty-one years now. And do you know what a city manager does? “

“Mabel told me that you’re like an overseer who reports to the city council. You help out the mayor. I see in the paper where you work with the coliseum people.”

“You read the Lafayette Herald? “

“Almost every day. My teachers were always on me to read, years past I mean. They didn’t like the way I talked.”
I swallowed the last of my drink. I hadn’t wanted to come here alone, but Big Earl had insisted. I could feel the sweat on my benefit as I leaned forward to put my glass on the coffee table.

“The things I do for the council and the mayor, they’re just part of my job, Milton. I also function as sort of a liaison between Market Hall and the business community. It’s my responsibility to maintain all our civic leaders on the same page. And to keep ‘em happy. That means I spread the bullshit around pretty good. One big thing I do is keep a watch over all you fellas down on Lee Street, what we like to call the city’s red light district.”

He pointed a stubby index finger at me.

“See now, y’all bring in a lot of money to the area, but you also warrant a lot of looking after. I’m fifty-seven, I’ve been doing this most of my life, and I know how to status a potential scrape. Boy, let me come to the point. I think Paradise Alley is going to become a problem for me. And that means, you being the de-facto owner, I’m going to become a problem for you. Unless we can solve it all right here and now.”

My heart did a little dance in my chest.

“What do you mean Mr. Sor…Earl? “

“What I mean boy is this. This fella who’s running your club, this Giovelli, I don’t much like the glimpse of him. He’s Italian, half his people are Yankees, and you can’t never dispute with such. When Mabel was around I didn’t care really, she was local and everybody knew she was okay. But now with this Tully, he’s making changes to the club I don’t like. He brings this boy in, his cousin or whatever, to wait on run the plot. He hires a black fella to manage the bar. He lets his girlfriend run the books.”

“They’re all real responsible people, Mr. Sorrell. They…”

He waved his hands.

“I know you won’t raised in much of household boy, but you seem like you know a thing or two. You’ve got to understand a little about this shit. Appearances matter. The whole Lee Street operation is always coming under fire from somewhere. I work pretty close with Sheriff Baxter, and he’s been asking questions about your club. I know you’re aware of all the illicit activity that goes on down Lee Street. Don’t give me no high school kid shit, that place is your home. The sheriff is terrified. The booze, the broads, none of that bugs him. That’s been going on for years, it always will as long as the army stays parked on the contemptible. He don’t mind it as long as he thinks it can be kept under control. Now, Paradise Alley, that’s a expansive slice of it all right there. It’s got prime position right in the middle of the strip. But that also means it’s a likely candidate for a lot of things that make the sheriff nervous. Gang activity, traffic in hard drugs, weapons selling, you name it. We all knew we could count on Mabel to keep that stuff out of the club. Now, with y’alls new management, we ain’t so sure.”

This was ridiculous. I had been ready for him to say that we served underage patrons or sold wholesale liquor on the side, things we were obviously guilty of, but these charges were wild. Only a fool would use a highly visible, always crowded nightclub for the things he was talking about. Not when there were fifty pawn shops and dark, sleepy pool halls nearby all providing better cover than Paradise Alley. I wondered if Vast Earl, sitting high up here among the pretty homes and the shiny town-cars, knew anything about the streets.

“That’s nothin to worry about, Mr. Sorrell. Nobody down at Paradise would have anything to do with stuff like that. It’s abominable for business. Besides, with the hassle we’ve been through runnin the place without Mabel, we sure don’t want that kinda concern.”

He blew out smoke and leaned support in his chair.

“Well now, it’s honorable and fine to hear you say that boy. I told the sheriff myself he was jumping at shadows. But he don’t reflect much of your man Tully. He said if you were old enough, and running the place, being a local boy, he might feel better about you. But Baxter ain’t large on Yankees, and he’s always saying how all these Italian restaurant and club owners are crooked up with the Mafia. And you did have a shooting down there not so long ago.”

“That guy was just some redneck who’d had too many.”

Big Earl smiled.

“I’m just some redneck who’s had too many. Can I go shooting off guns in your club? “

“The fella thought some other cowboy was carryin on with his wife and he knew he was at Paradise. He ran right past the people at the door and he was firing before the bouncers could get to him. One guy got nicked, that’s all. The cops interviewed Tully. They said those things happen.”

“Glowing shoddy security, Milton.”

“Well, you obviously know Lee Street, Mr. Sorrell. You can’t frisk everybody who comes in a bar.”

I wondered where this conversation was going. I knew that if the police really wanted to they could get us on any of a hundred violations. Mabel had told me that when the club became mine I would probably have to pay off some city officials to perform sure this didn’t happen. They let her operate, she said, because she had done certain favors for a number of distinguished people. They would not have the same charity towards me. But Mabel had died suddenly. She never went to the doctor and we only found out she had cancer when we found out it was going to kill her quick. There had been no time for her to instruct me the way she had planned. Tully, who was not born in Lafayette and had none of Mabel’s connections, knew nothing about these matters. For eleven months we had honest gone on like before, and I had been worried that in all innocence we might be pissing somebody off. Now it appeared we had. For a county sheriff, closing down Paradise Alley would be as simple as nailing up a sign.

Not vivid what else to do, I decided to plead ignorance.

“Mr. Sorrell. Earl. I really don’t know much about this stuff. We’ve sort of been running the club together, Tully and me and the staff. I could call Mabel’s lawyer, the one that handled the will. Maybe he could talk to the sheriff for me.”

Substantial Earl shook his head no in two expansive sweeps.

“That’s the last thing you want to do, boy. Nothing the law hates more than some legal smart-ass telling them their business. You’d just get the sheriff really pissed then. We need to settle this between ourselves. I consider I can help you out. The sheriff’s only thinkin about roustin y’all because right now he can’t glance what benefit you are to him. I know a plan to make the sheriff want to let your club go on just like before. In fact, I can note you how to make the sheriff want you to be even more successful. I’m going to tell you about a little deal I’ve arrange with several of the other places on Lee Street. When you hear about it, I think you’ll see it’s the only way to protect your investment.”

Sudden conception flooded me. As Big Earl spun out the particulars of his deal I could almost see a large blue-gloved fist closing around me to apply the squeeze. For the first time I began to realize that eventually taking over the club would require more on my allotment than learning how to judge and order stock, or setting up shifts and payroll schedules. I was going to have to learn how to deal with people like Big Earl, and how to protect myself from much stronger forces that could alter the fate of my slight business with a wave of their hand. More importantly, I was going to have to learn how these people worked, and understand the heart and soul of the city I called home. I knew then that the walls of Paradise Alley, walls that had sheltered my youth, existed for me no more. To claim my inheritance, I would have to do more than come to grips with the volatile culture of Lafayette’s streets. I would have to understand the past of the city itself.

And learn some hard lessons that my high school did not teach.

……….

Any North Carolina history book will tell you that Lafayette was founded by colonial settlers in the early years of English inland exploration. Two days travel from the soar, it was begun as an after-thought built by merchants coming west from the Atlantic Ocean and conducting business along the Good Cape river. The river flowed southeast across the colony, a natural waterway that ran from the mountain ranges of the Appalachians into the ocean just shy of the port of Wilmington. Situated at a fork on the Good Cape, the merchant settlement became a colonial map area and trading post. Using the unimaginative flair with which they had named the river the locals called their village Cape Town.

The coming of the Highland Scots signaled the area’s arrival as a colonial city. Seeking to chop out a place of their own, while maintaining access to needed goods and supplies, several families of this immigrant group chose the river forest for their home. Cape Town merchants responded by opening their markets to the fledgling community. After the revolution, in which many Scots initially sided with the Crown, the Highlanders renamed their town Lafayette, hoping to show unquestionable loyalty to the winning side.

Lafayette would always be a city that thrived on commerce. In early days the trade was cotton, sap, and tobacco going north and east. It soon came to be slaves going west and south. The city catered to transaction along the river, and as a result many people saw the town. Its population soon became more diverse than most in the South, a trait that would increase with growth. Even then it had a hint of baseness. Due in large part to the absence of strong church influences along the river, Lafayette supplied booze to four states and became known as the whoring capital of the Carolinas.

The Civil War ended the slave trade, but replaced it with an even stronger market. Lafayette had become a puny armory for the Confederacy during the war and General Sherman rewarded the city by burning most of it to the ground on his way back from Atlanta. He spared some assets the government desired, however, including the armory. That became a federal outpost, and its seizure would affect the future of Lafayette mightily. During World War I the post became a full-fledged army base, named Fort Greene after yet another Revolutionary War hero. The air force joined the mix in 1942 when Roosevelt Airfield was added to the base. Now known as ‘the reservation’ to local residents the military presence strongly influenced growth in the area. This was supplemented by the completion of East Cruise superhighway I-95, which connected Maine to Florida and ran for three miles within the city’s limits. By 1960, the year I was born, Fort Greene was the home of the entire 93rd Airborne Division, and Lafayette was the state’s fifth largest city.

It is at this point that most of the history books stop giving an accurate chronicle of the city’s progress. There are often only veiled references to the area’s continuing growth and diversity of population in the years that followed. Over time I have come to understand why state historians might want to overlook Lafayette’s more recent past. The city’s rapid expansion had some unforeseen side effects in the community.

Lafayette had a traditional mixture of rural whites and blacks living in the surrounding countryside as they had for decades. Also there was a growing urban population of mostly white families whose fathers worked in the city. These were the same dynamics other southern cities possessed. But the army gave Lafayette an unusual suburban population made up almost totally of young males who didn’t work in the city but went there to seek entertainment off the base. Local businessmen fast learned there was money to be made by catering to these largely captive patrons. Beer halls and dance clubs sprang up along the city’s downtown streets like haphazard weeds, started by retired GIs or restaurant owners looking to increase their profits. These places did exceedingly well and regional investors took notice. Some of the county’s richer families, many descended from the original Scottish settlers themselves, traded their cotton and tobacco interests to invest in these clubs. As the new decade dawned the boom was on, and Lafayette became known as a place of nightlife and varied distraction. Lee Street, downtown’s busiest, was sometimes called North Carolina’s own Bourbon.

Of course, local reaction to this was somewhat mixed, but the Baptist Church, the South’s main true guidepost, was not firmly established in Lafayette and had less influence than it did in other places. And although local politics was, like most of the state, solidly controlled by conservative Democrats many of the elected officials were also businessmen with investments downtown, and some powerful party people had begun to depend on tourism for income. There were even those city fathers who believed that their only chance to compete with the growth of more established cities like Raleigh or Charlotte was to offer something a bit out of the ordinary.
All the while changes continued at a rapid pace.

The social upheavals of the late sixties had a profound affect on Lafayette’s development. Many soldiers returned from the Vietnam War with a novel passion: drugs. Pot and heroin blew into the city as if on hurricane winds, aided by hastily constructed petite airports hidden in the North Carolina countryside. Prostitution flourished, mainly due to a new infusion of young Asian girls, many not even fifteen, who seemed to spring from the many cracks on the sidewalks to ply their trade for the lonely and demoralized servicemen. They were supplemented by poor girls from the surrounding county who came to the city as traditional small-town jobs dried up. Gambling, illegal in the state but condoned by the local police, became commonplace and shiny neon signs went up to declare the South’s newest vice: topless dancing.

Lafayette itself became uniquely diverse. No longer a land of just black and white it could claim many subgroups: the well-off white business front living in the stylish neighborhood of Vanglory Hills, working families who drove in from the suburbs, terrible urban blacks housed in the projects of the unfortunately named Pleasant Boulevard, rednecks transplanted from the surrounding country, Asian and Mexican immigrants staffing cheap restaurants and beer joints, two-bit hustlers of all races. Then there were the GIs themselves, one for every three residents of the city. And as the interstate became more traveled outsiders turned to Lafayette as a place of stopovers and weeknight tourism. The college kids came, making road trips down from Raleigh or Greensboro or Chapel Hill. Motorcycle gangs embraced Lafayette as a convenient gathering spot on their device to Atlantic or Myrtle Beach during the summer. Motels flourished beside the bars and clubs, massage parlors outnumbered clothing stores, and the pawnshops became too many to count. As the years went by Lee Street became a haven of vice unmatched in the Southeast.

In the middle of it all was the little club that was eventually handed down to me. Located very close to the exact center of Lee Street it had started out as the Lafayette Beer Garden in the late forties and, through many changes in name and ownership, had retained a reputation as the city’s most happening night spot. It was a expedient starting point for a night out on Lee Street, and a convenient place to end up when your night was over. The club was known as a trendsetter. It had been first in the city with liquor by the drink, first with closed circuit TV, the first with topless dancing. Harry had continued the tradition by introducing his own twist to the place, adding on several private rooms where the strippers could get much more intimate with those men whose wallets went deep enough. When Mabel took over she added her own innovation: a sound stage where local rock and disco bands could play for the home folks once or twice a week. No matter the floor plan or music the one constant was nudity. Only ever-shifting city laws, rarely heeded, governed what the dancers wore, when they wore anything at all.

Although the new owner in name only, several longtime customers already wanted to know what changes I had in mind for Lee Street’s champion of saloons. In Lafayette, the saying went, the wind shifts direction every other minute. You have to learn to change with it, or to spit into it, to keep from getting blown away. The more I grew into my city, the more I began to realize that I had been born in the center of a whirlwind of opportunities far exceeding those any college could offer.

……….

I told them all about Big Earl’s deal later that night. We had gathered together in the apartment, my apartment now, at half past three in the morning. Everyone was tired and drained, as Paradise Alley had just closed down. The mop-up crew was downstairs at work They would be cleaning until after five. There was a cold, light rain falling against the window. Even in bitter December snow rarely came this far south.

“He was pleasing slick about it,” I told them, resting my head against the wall. I was sitting on the dining table, a current spot since I was a child. I was less tired than most of them; although I worked hard after hours at the club, I usually left once the doors opened to the public. A minor drinking alcohol was a misdemeanor, but a minor selling alcohol was a felony. A few months away from the legal age, I could not risk a bust that might inhibit the state granting me a liquor license for years.

“Dey all are,” wheezed Tully, a mountain of sweat and grime. He pulled fifteen-hour shifts everyday we were initiate. His energy was large but so was his appetite. Lying back on our couch he had a towel draped over his head and a hunk of hot garlic bread in each hand. Katie, his full girlfriend, was sitting behind him massaging his big neck gently. “Guys like dat, they know howda be detached with ya,” he added, tearing into the bread.

“Aw, that wouldn’t fool Milt here,” Carlos said. His bear massive frame was stretched out on the floor as most of our chairs being too diminutive for him. He had taken his tie off, but tranquil wore the dress clothes in which he had worked.
“Don’t be so sure,” I cautioned. Carlos had absolute faith in my judgment, more than I did. “Right now this guy’s sorta out of our league. He’s big money and power in town, like Mabel always said he was.”

“So what’s the deal, Milt? Are they really looking to be crusaders, or do they just want a payoff? ” This was Victor, the head bartender, sprawled into an easy chair by the window and drinking a cold beer. As I looked at him I thought about Big Earl scolding us for letting a black guy run the bar. I wondered if this was why Mabel had never promoted Victor herself. He had been forced to wait until Tully became manager to consume over a job that we all knew he had earned. The position had been open for over a year after the old-fashioned head bartender, a part-time military trainer, had been relocated. I had consented to Victor’s promotion, but now I wondered about our wisdom, torn between my fondness for Victor, whom I considered a friend, and my desire to keep up appearances.

“Milt? ” he asked. I had to stop my thoughts repeat his question in my head. The long day was catching up to me.

“It’s just a payoff,” I told them. Tully and Victor looked relieved. “They wanna make it a permanent thing. See, first he gave me all of this bullshit about how the sheriff thinks gangs might take over the club.” Victor snorted at this; Tully chuckled. “He said the law might close us down. He had me scared for a shrimp, but later I could leer it was all a gimmick to prime the pump. Not that I don’t think the sheriff couldn’t give us real trouble if he wanted.”

“Freakin-a right he could,” said Tully. “We got violations outta our ass and attend again. Dem cops, they’re always in here buyin drinks and sittin around for free. Lookin round. But not one of ‘em ever says nothin bout all the laws we’re already breakin, which is plenty. Dey don’t care. But if they was told to, dey could hurt us good.”

“That’s what I figured,” I said. “Better just to go along.”

Victor was thinking. Presently he looked up. “So what exactly is the deal Milt? “

“One payment a year. He called it a lump sum. We give it to them in May, after tax season. That seemed important to him, I don’t know why. It ain’t like the sheriff’s gonna report this as income. I make the drop, I can’t tell where, to a guy whose name he gave me. Out of town, I gotta drive there. We never talk to Big Earl again. No paperwork, no nothing. And it’s all in cash. The way he had it down pat, I bet they do this all the time. Half Lee Street’s probably payin these guys off.”

“Donnie Cox down at da Pussycat Theater does,” said Tully.

“So does Willie Jackson over at Blue Sky Lounge,” added Victor.

“Dey don’t say how much,” said Tully, “or what all he does for dem. Nobody likes to talk ’bout Big Earl.”

“We don’t either,” I said, “not one bit. Don’t even say we’re payin. He was real serious about that. Nothing goes out of this room. Not that any of you talk anyway, I know that. But if you get loaded one night don’t let somethin slip. This is strictly in-house stuff.”

“So,” said Carlos, with an air of finality and a sigh of boredom, “that’s that. How much do we pay them? “

I hesitated a second too long, still uncomfortable with my newfound authority over these people, my friends.

“Fifteen percent,” I said. I tried to sound like it was nothing to me.

“Jeeesus Christ!” said Carlos.

“Highway robbery,” Victor said, sounding genuinely disgusted.

“Coulda been worse,” said Tully. “Dat is profit, right? “

“Yes. He told me he wants to keep us successful. Nice guy. And he said it really wasn’t much money cause he had to split it between the county and the city law.”

“What a bunch of bullshit,” said Victor, almost to himself. “City law only writes traffic tickets in this town.”

Katie stopped rubbing Tully’s neck and looked up. She had been our bookkeeper since Mabel’s death. “How’s he gonna know what our profit is Milt? We don’t know half the time ourselves. We got to display this guy our taxes? “

“He said he trusted me. Bulky chance, he’s probably got some IRS buddy who mails him copies of the forms. When the time comes we’ll go through it, Katie. It’ll be a lot of money, but we got no choice. All honest everybody? “

My only answer was a soft, almost musical voice that purred from across the room.

“Did you at least bargain with him, Milt? ”

As she asked the question, Elizabeth looked up from the thick fresh she was reading, having given no previous indication that she was even listening to us. Curled up on the very top of our tall bookcase she was five feet over our heads. Thirteen now, my sister had matured rapidly in the past three years. Taller than me by at least an inch, she was still razor thin and blooming. Mabel had left Liz with more than enough money for four years of college, but she was given no fraction of Paradise Alley. Mabel had always discouraged her from associating with the women who worked at the club and never let her approach the men who were patrons there. Growing up in our neighborhood, she told me, was poor enough for a young girl without spending time around a strip bar. Still, I planned on my own to offer her some sort of partnership in the club when she got older. I thought this was only fair, since I had well-known plans to do the same for Carlos, who was not my blood relation. Because of that, she liked to sit in on all of our business meetings, although she rarely said anything.

“Bargain? ” I said, as I looked up at her. “Liz, you don’t bargain with a guy like Big Earl. You do what he says. This man holds all the cards. If I’d been smart with him he might’ve gotten pissed, and then where would we be? “

“Oh Milt, really. Why do you consider he had your unimportant miniature ass all the way up to Vanglory Hills? ” Katie frowned at Liz, but I noticed Carlos smiled. “If he objective wanted to name a percentage he could have done that with some stale lackey.”

“Lackey? ”

“Sure,” she answered. “Ma was always saying how these politicians on the take stay away from the cash themselves. Why do you contemplate he risked seeing you in person? He probably figured you would try to screw with his deal, maybe get him to settle for less.”

I wondered how she reasoned all of this out. I didn’t remember being this wise at thirteen. And she didn’t talk like a girl raised downtown anymore, she had adopted the speech of her higher-class friends. Her voice had gotten softer, her vocabulary a step up from mine. She sounded like she came from Vanglory Hills herself. Liz was growing up fast, beyond my capacity to keep up with the changes in her.

“Now Lizzie,” Tully said, “your broder’s right. You can’t screw round wid des people. Ya gotta pay ‘em respect so dell look de odder method.”

Liz closed her book and climbed down the bookshelf. Her jeans, although bell-bottomed underneath, were tight on her waist, and I was slightly annoyed to notice Victor watching her ass. Jesus, I thought, she’s thirteen. Robbed, first of my parents then Mabel, I felt all the more protective of Liz.

As she walked across the room Liz spoke to Tully but looked at me.

“Big Earl isn’t the mob. He’s a politician like Congressman Simmons or President Ford. He’ll expect some negotiation, I’ll bet. He probably wanted Milt down there personal so he could see what type of guy he was, so he knew how far he could push him. Negotiation. Except there wasn’t any negotiating.”

She reached the table and stood in front of me. She was in a white half-shirt, tied in a knot at the navel, and I was confronted by the uncomfortable fact that my little sister had done a good job growing, of all things, tits. Thankfully, she didn’t wear make-up yet, and her hair was not styled but pulled tight in a long ponytail, which ran all the way down her back. Even so, she detached looked too grown up for my taste.

“Liz,” I said patiently, “you didn’t meet the guy, I did. He had it all planned out ahead of time. The man could close us down with a phone call. Don’t you think I’d have avoided this if I could? “

“Don’t get mad, love, but I think this big shot charmed the pants off you. Next time you should occupy some time to judge it over. Don’t give in so easy. I know it’s tough making the decisions but you’re in charge now. People like this are going to try and take advantage of you because of your age and because you’re…well, you don’t look like a tough guy. So you’re going to have to learn to be hard with them, like Ma. I know how smart you are, but you have to make them see some of that. Otherwise they’ll just walk over us whenever they want.”

She said it so kindly it was hard to be angry. In truth, she was only saying what I had already told myself. The fact that, at her age, she could grasp this all so well was impressive in itself. My sister, I thought with a effect of bitterness, was going to be smarter than I was.

“Maybe we should have sent Liz to negotiate with Spacious Earl,” Carlos said smiling. “She would’ve had him paying us.”

He was trying to lighten the mood, but his smile died when I turned toward him with a hard look. His own eyes dropped to the floor.

“Don’t get mad,” Liz said again, taking my hand. “You’ll show us all one day. Ma wouldn’t have left you the business if she didn’t think you could speed it. But remember, we’re all in this together. We have to leer out for each other. That means telling the truth even if it hurts a little bit. And the truth, hon, is that you didn’t try hard enough this time. But you’ll get better at it, I know you will.”

I said nothing, and I didn’t watch at her. I was torn between anger at her for disputing me in front of everybody and the sinking suspicion that she was probably upright on target. Maybe Grand Earl had been expecting me to push for a better deal and was amazed when I simply lapped up his first offer. I wondered if he was, even now, laughing at how naïve I had been.

The silence of the room became uncomfortable.

“I need to go check on the clean up crew,” Katie said suddenly, sliding off the couch and giving Tully a kiss. “Liz, you should’ve been in bed a long time ago. You’ve got school tomorrow. You too guys.” She unchained the front door and walked out. Liz looked at me for a second, then turned and walked to her own room. It seemed to me that Victor raised his head just to watch her go.

“Well,” Victor said, trying to lift the tension, “at least it’s all handled for now. We can get back to business. Did this guy say anything about the city people? You know, taxes and zoning and what not? “

I blinked, trying to shake my thoughts free. Victor was true, for better or worse I had cast our lot. Despite what Liz had said, there was no sense in second guessing myself now. I lifted my head to answer him.

“If we have a dilemma with the city, a real big quandary, he said maybe he could help us out. But we can’t call him. He said he’d know if he needed to get in touch. If it had something to do with city law it might mean extra money. The stuff we get for our payoff is strictly help with the cops. He also said he couldn’t do anything if the SBI or the feds landed on us for something. He said that doesn’t happen too much around here. And he idea it might pay us to contribute to the Democratic Party. All of the essential politicians, the council members and the judges, they’re all Democrats. When they run for office they diagram money from a general fund. Big Earl said we could give to that, it might pay us to be in their good graces. We could each give as individuals and the club’s name wouldn’t be involved.”

“Deese guys, day are like da mob!” Tully said. “He say anythin else? “

“Yeah. He said he hates Italians.”

Tully laughed heartily. As a gesture of peace I smiled down at Carlos, who was looking at me.

“Dumbass redneck,” Carlos said, smiling himself now. “Did he say anything about Italian-Indians? “

“Nope. I don’t contemplate he knows they exist. Maybe you should go scalp him with a pizza cutter.”

“No way,” Carlos said, “not Big Earl Sorrell. Milton Howard, on the other hand…”

He was off the floor and had both hands on me before I could even depart. Far stronger than I was, he lifted me off the table and directly into an airplane spin.

“Ahhh! Put me down you Redskin! Victor, help!”

“Can’t,” Victor said. “Might spill my beer. Plus he’s map bigger than me.”

“Tully!” I yelled as the room spun. “Terminate him!”

“After you cracked on Italians? Notta chance.”

Carlos was peaceful twirling me around, something very easy for him to do considering that I weighed no more than one-fifteen. Despite my dizziness I felt grateful that he was this playful after the cold way I had looked at him before.

“Redskin, huh? Puny pipsqueak. Now, where did I leave my tomahawk? You could exhaust a haircut. Hey, I got an idea. Let’s see if little honky club owners can wrassle with Redskins.”

Throwing me across his shoulders, he started toward my inaugurate bedroom door.

“Wait!” I protested, “We’re serene in a meeting!”

“Meeting adjourned,” Carlos said, and he carried me out laughing.

……….

I look back on that winter as the beginning of my growth from a boy to a man. Mabel’s decision to leave the club to me, the load of responsibility I suddenly felt toward both my sister and my friends, the transition from worrying about such things as math assignments to worrying about such things as estate taxes, all conspired to rob me of the traditional fun I had anticipated for my senior year and high school graduation. For me there was no homecoming game, no week long scurry with friends to Myrtle Beach. I turned eighteen in February and afterwards spent all of my nights at the club. I began skipping school regularly and neglected my classes, passing my final year on skill alone. I didn’t even take the SAT. I had no thoughts of college. Prom night found me behind a bar. While my classmates walked the aisle at graduation, I walked the floor of Paradise Alley.

I did, however, experience one rite of passage usually associated with high school. I got laid that year.
Some might find it curious that I had retained my virginity so long, especially after I had lived above, and finally inherited, of all things, a strip club. But after many disturbing lectures from Mabel about the evil fates of bar owners who hire and pay girls based on sex I was never tempted to use my business to that advantage. Meanwhile, in the world of genuine teenage romance, I had problems.

As a result of both my size and my youthful looks most girls my age, who were looking for older guys to date, didn’t go for me. They would flirt with me, make friends, but I never got anywhere with them. I actually had one date tell me that I was too cute and cuddly for serious making out. No one, she said bluntly, wants to screw a teddy bear. She had no idea, of course, how shattering words like that could be to the ego of a teenage boy.

Added to my troubles was Carlos, whom the girls adored. He had been sleeping around regularly since he was fourteen and always had girlfriends to spare. Anyone could see that he was an extraordinarily heavenly young man, with a combination of strong physical stature and quiet sensitivity that drove girls wild. There were days in the high school parking lot when so many girls wanted to talk to him that we just about had to fight our arrangement to the car. Even the strippers at the club, jaded veterans who knew men at their worst, couldn’t get enough of him.

To my extreme annoyance, Carlos tended to be downright indifferent to all this attention. He treated his girls as though they were casual diversions, something to do when he wasn’t too busy. He was always polite and always ready to move on. I never let my feelings be known, but there were times when my jealousy made me wish we were not such good friends.

Finally, my commitments to the club made it hard for me to get dates on a regular basis. Even before I could work during prime time there was plenty to do away from the floor itself. I often went to bed before eight, in order to wake up at three in the morning and work on the clean-up crew. Although I had the money for a social life, I rarely had the energy. I had basically given up trying by my eighteenth birthday, and sometimes wondered if I was destined to live out my life as the only virgin on Lee Street.

Of course, I eventually did have sex. I’d love to relate a story about the tender-eyed teen sweetheart who brought me bursting forth into manhood and left me with the sweet memories only first adore innocence brings. Unfortunately, when the long awaited event finally occurred it was nothing so worthy. It’s not nearly as satisfying to admit that I made it with a drunken slut, more than twice my age, in the closet of my strip bar. It did, however, turn out to be quite memorable, for altogether unexpected reasons.

……….

She had come into the club alone, and stayed that way throughout the night. She was at least forty, and quite possibly tipping toward fifty, wearing a loud sequined purple dress. It was four in the morning on a Sunday and we were the only ones left downstairs on the main floor of Paradise Alley. She had been drinking since before midnight, mostly tequila shots, and somehow she had convinced Victor to let her stay on after closing. He had even left her with a bottle and a shot glass. She was sitting at the bar while I was polishing its surface. The rest of the clean-up crew had already gone home. I was almost done myself, thinking about bed and skipping school. I was on the other side of the bar from her, three feet away, when she spoke.

“Hey, kid.”

Breaking the silence her voice startled me so badly that I reared up and my left hand knocked her bottle away. Luckily it didn’t break, but simply rolled on the floor quite empty.

“Shit! Sorry lady, I’ll go round and get that. Did you say something? “

I had seen her around before but I really looked at her for the first time now. She had dyed yellow hair, a lot of it styled up high, and bright red lipstick. Too mighty eye shadow. From a distance I had thought she was a nice looking lady but up close I could see the wrinkles and bags through the heavy make-up on her face. She looked like she had led a hard life.

“How old are you kid? “

“Me? I’m eighteen, my birthday was last month.”

“Eighteen? ” She reared back her head and laughed. It was a shrill, reedy sound. “Eighteen, kid? Christ, you peek fifteen if you’re a day. You work here? “

“Yeah. Sort of.”

“Yeah, sorta.” Her words were slurred and slow. Her eyes drooped. I thought she was ready to pass out. “Whatta you mean sorta? “

“Well, I guess I have the place. I mean, that is to say, it’s mine. I inherited it from my mom’s godmother.”

“Ohhh, you’re the owner!” She sounded really drunk. “How’s about that. That’s the best line I heard all night kid. That’s a good one. Don’t waste time on the third-rate shit, fair say you’re the fucking owner. What’s your name Mr. Big? “

“Milton. Seek, I’ll go get that bottle up, I’ve got to finish my work.”

“Milton? Parents musta been really drunk. Or nerds. I’m Ginny. Say, since you own this place why don’t you forget that bottle and find us some good stuff? I’m ready to get this party started.”

“Party, ma’am? It’s after four…”

“Oh la! Ma’am is it? Whatta ya consider I am, your mama? Say, come closer over here, I can barely search for you over the bar. Huh, you’re just a little thing, aren’t ya? Hey, where you going? “

I walked around to the swinging bar entrance and opened it, vowing in my head to interrogate Victor, asking why in the world he would leave some drunk bitch at the bar for me to deal with alone. I knew I’d have to find her a way home, and the taxi services, with a few brave exceptions, would be closed. Plus, drinking in a bar after two in the morning on a Sunday was a blatant violation of state blue laws. I concept about Big Earl mentioning the SBI, and decided that Victor had quite a bit of explaining to do.

I picked up the bottle and placed in back on the bar. She had swung around to peek me, and as I came close she grabbed me by the collar and pulled my face within inches of her. She was surprisingly strong for a lady.

“Hey!” I protested. “What the hell are you doing? ”

“Say, Mr. Astronomical Shot bar owner.” The odor of tequila was overwhelming when she spoke. “Didn’t anyone ever tell you not to tell lies to strange women in bars late at night. It’s past your bedtime, ain’t it? “

“I ain’t lyin and I ain’t got no bedtime. I gotta get back to work, lady.”

She suddenly let me go and stood up beside me. She was a good deal taller than me. There was a irregular glint in her watery eyes.

“Ya know kid, you’re kinda cute. Eighteen, huh? What the hell. Wanna get it? “

For a second my confusion was such that I said: “Make what? “

She burst out laughing again, even louder and more shrill this time.

“Oh, you’re a sweetheart! And you’re eighteen? Make it, baby, construct it. Don’t you like girls? You ain’t a faggot are ya? Let’s do it, I’m horny.”

I finally got the message, and I’m sure my eyes were round quarters.

“Uh, but I, um…look, you see…”

“Let’s go,” she said, cutting me off and grabbing my right wrist. We were heading for the hallway with the private rooms in back. My mind was a whirl, torn between scare, repulsion, and a sudden terribly strong curiosity.
“Here,” she said, opening the first door she came across, “in we go, slow door number one.”

She plunged in, still holding my wrist, and I followed, having no breath to tell her that behind door number one was our broom closet. She stumbled into the darkness and I almost fell on top of her. Then she slammed the door shut behind us and was quickly against me, her lips smashing into mine.

“Ow!” I yelped. Her right hand flew unceremoniously, and somewhat painfully, up against my crotch.
“Ow!” I yelped again, a little louder, though her mouth muffled mine. Suddenly her knees gave way and she fell heavily into me, both of us falling to the floor. I heard and felt buckets, mops, and brooms falling around, under, and on top of us. She took no notice.

I don’t know how long we grappled on the floor of that closet but it seemed like forever. At some point in time her dress and my jeans were ripped off of our bodies, and I contain she was responsible in both cases. She kept moaning many varied and often disturbing things which I did not altogether understand, but sounded to me like instructions to ‘twist the rope,’ ‘pull the chain’ and do something provocative around the world flight. She called me by at least three different names, none of them mine. She had tremendously long fingernails, several of which I became quite sure she had left in my back. Worst of all, while I was trying to grab for leverage in the dark melee, her mass of hair came off in my hand, prompting an unreasonable momentary fear in me that I had somehow pulled her head off.

Eventually she seemed to become aware that I was not as aroused as she would have liked. In this matter I was then given such unwanted assistance that a horrible suspicion began to form in my head, suggesting that if I didn’t make something happen very soon she might attempt to squeeze an erection out of me.

Somehow, I was able to pull it off. I have always worked best under pressure. I didn’t really enjoy the experience and I could only guess at her feelings, since she simply carried on much as before. I couldn’t sight a thing. On top of it all, her constant screaming was giving me an awful headache. I was quickly coming to the concept that, maybe, I hadn’t been missing as worthy joy as I had understanding. Finally, she rolled off of me and commenced panting and muttering ‘oh, oh, oh’ to herself. A predatory hand flew once again to my nether-regions, causing me to bite down hard on my tongue.

“Hey!” she said. “You didn’t catch off. That’s no good. Probably had too much liquor.”

“But I didn’t drink any liq…”

“I know what to do, honey, don’t ya inconvenience.”

She suddenly grabbed at my shirt, which I still wore, and stood up, pulling me along with her. I was pushed back against the far wall of the closet.

“You just stay still honey, and Ginny will win care of everything.”

She collapsed again, this time to her knees in front of me. I knew enough to guess what she was doing, but it seemed to me that the process should have been a more radiant operation. I was unaware so many teeth were supposed to be alive to. Leaning up against the wall, I wondered how the hell I had gotten into this.

That’s when the door opened, the closet became bathed with light, and my little sister looked in at us.

Liz stared at me in total surprise. Then her eyes fell to the figure at my knees, who was absorbed in her work and unaware that anything was amiss.

“Ohhh, that’s marvelous honey, just safe,” Ginny hissed between action.

“Oh, wow!” Liz half whispered, half screamed. After looking for another second she slammed the door shut.

I suppose there are times in almost every person’s life when the unreality of a dwelling is too much to handle. Standing up against that wall, I tried to convince myself that what had unbiased happened hadn’t. It was simply not possible that my little sister, the girl whose sole source of guidance and upbringing I was, had impartial witnessed some tramp giving her older brother a blowjob in the broom closet. It was not, I told myself, the kind of thing that could have happened. In the strain of this unexpected experience, I decided, my guilty conscience was triggering hallucinations.

That’s when Liz opened the door again, this time with my best friend Carlos behind her.

“Peruse,” she said, “I told you! I was not making it all up!”

“Holy shit!” Carlos exclaimed, his fill sunless eyes suddenly wide. Reaching over Liz he slammed the door shut once again. Just as it closed I felt the woman beneath me fall away, collapsing this time into a heap against the wall.

“Ohhh,” she said one last time. After a minute, I could hear her snoring. Walking gingerly around her I vainly felt for my pants in the darkness. The thought came to me then that I was a virgin no longer. It didn’t seem to matter. What mattered was finding my pants. For all I knew, there would be an audience lined up outside when I opened that damned closet door.

……….

Liz told me later that when she had heard the strange noises she had thought somebody might be trapped in the closet. She did apologize for coming back the second time. It was just, she told me in mock innocence, that she so hated to be disbelieved. I never really lived it down. In all honesty, it was too big an embarrassment for my sister and my best friend not to give me hell.

I felt even worse when we found out that Ginny was a part-time pro who had once worked for a pimp Victor knew in the projects. At least she never came relieve into the club, so I never had to explore her again. For weeks after it happened Liz was laughing every time she saw me, and Carlos kept a big smile on his face. But as far as I know, neither of them ever told the story to anyone else. To tease me, though, Liz started calling me ‘Marvelous’ Milton around other people. Unhappily, the new nickname stuck.

In all my embarrassment, I never even thought to ask Liz or Carlos what they were doing together, down in the club, alone, at five o’clock in the morning.

……….

To read the rest of Lafayette for free go to Jeffrey’s blog Lafayette.

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Historical Background:

As we peep in the history of Networking we will find that inn 1971, the researchers at the University of Hawaii developed the world’s first WLAN, or in full form the wireless local area network which was named as ALOHAnet .The ALOHnet was spposed to be the bi-directional or two way directional star topology of the system which included seven computers deployed over four islands in order to communicate with the central computer on the Oahu Island without using phone lines for connection or data Transfer. Genuinely,WLAN or wireless Local Area Network hardware was so expensive for the companies that it was only used as an alternative method to cabled LAN in places where cabling was supposed to be difficult or impossible for the purposes of data tarnsfer . The Early developments and improvemnets included the industry-specific solutions and proprietary protocols but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by standards, primarily the various versions of IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) protocols . The alternative ATM-like 5 GHz standardized technology,the HIPERLAN, has so far not succeeded in the market and that’s why had little demand for installation.But with the release of the faster 54 Mbit/s 802.11a (5 GHz) and 802.11g (2.4 GHz) standards, almost very fast and fruitful and authentic means of Wireless technology .

While in November 2006, the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) won a legal battle in the US federal court of Texas against Buffalo Technology which established the US manufacturer had failed to pay royalties on a US WLAN patent CSIRO had filed in 1996. The CSIRO are currently engaged in the legal cases which are related to computer companies including the IT giants Microsoft, Intel, Dell, Hewlett-Packard and Netgear which argue that the patent is invalid and should negate any royaltiesbeing paid to CSIRO for WLAN-based products or applications.

Introduction

” The wireless LANs or Wireless Local Area Network utilizes and uses the electromagnetic waves which are spread by spectrum technology and are based on radio waves to transfer information in form of signals between devices in a miniature area and the main server”_____Christopher W Starr; Joseph S Stevenson

According to kinds of WLANS they are of two types 1.infrastructure WLANs and two. Independent WLANs.The Infrastructure WLANs are used where the wireless network is linked to a wired network or with the cables, is more commonly used today. In an infrastructure WLAN, the wireless network is usually connected to a wired network such as Ethernet, via access points, which possesses both Ethernet links and antennas to send and receive signals as well as making them powerful to transmit . These signals span micro cells, or circular coverage areas (depending on walls and other physical obstructions) or buildings in the scheme of access points and transmitter, in which devices can communicate with the access points, and through these, with the wired network. In a wireless LANs the devices can move within and between coverage areas without experiencing disruption or obstruction in connectivity as long as they stay within range of an access point or extension point which is similar to an access point at all times and occasions .

“The wireless Local Area Newtork or WLAM is a network which is the linking of two or more computers without using wires or cables . WLAN utilizes spread-spectrum technology based on radio waves to enable communication between devices in a limited dwelling, also known as the basic service set. This gives users the mobility to move around within a tall coverage area and still be connected to the network.”_____Tinku Alex

As regards the home user, the wireless has become most popular and economical due to ease of installation, and location freedom with the gaining popularity of laptops and PDAs. For the business, public businesses such as coffee shops or malls have begun to offer wireless access to their customers and some are even provided as a free service for the faciliataion of local customers .The Large wireless network projects are also being set in many major cities for the increasing population as well as killing the cable Costs due to tremendous distance from ther server . In this regards, the best online adverstising Companys and Swearch engine Google is providing a free service to Mountain Idea, California and has entered a train to do the same for San Francisco also for better facilitaion .The New York City has also begun a pilot program to cover all five boroughs of the city with wireless Internet acces so that data can be accessed remotley by connceting them through wirless Local Position network .

How Wireless LANs Work:

“The other model which is connected through cables and it can be compared to those of wired LANs where devices connect via cables to hubs, or common wiring points, and from these to a central server. However, in wired networks, each hub has a finite number of jacks, and thus, can only connect a preset number of devices. Wire line networks are also confined by the existence of fixed cables, which limit connection to specified locations .”____M L Witten

Wired LANs:

In a wired LAN, devices are connected to the network via cables. Devices are generally anchored to a set area depending on the placement of the network lines.

The While WLANs provide some key benefits, including security, mobility, and scalability, they are currently much slower as compared to the wired LANs. For instance, a wired LAN using 10BaseT Ethernet ranges from 10 – 100 Mbps. and Other pros and cons of wireless LANs (in comparison with wired LANs) are listed in the table below:

Wireless LAN Pros and Cons

Pros

  • Easier to deploy and configure
  • More catch
  • Ultimately more cost-effective (scalable)
  • Facilitates office relocation (network portability)
  • Easier to maintain
  • Makes available real-time data in broader range of coverage areas

Cons:

  • Slower – Ethernet speeds range from 10 mbps to 100 mbps; corporate networks require high bandwidths
  • Signal interference often causes disruptions in connection
  • Systems from different vendors may not be interoperable
  • Costly installation

Source: WR Hambrecht + Co

Wireless LAN Glossary:

· Access point-it is a device that connects the wireless network to the wired network. As a transceiver, it sports an antenna to send and receive signals from the various devices, providing coverage areas in which devices can roam freely.

· Extension point-it is a device that acts like an access point and connects the wireless network. Unlike access points, extension points do not connect the wireless network to the wire line but rather extend coverage areas between and beyond access points.

· Infrastructure network-the more common form of a wireless LAN. Infrastructure networks are comprised of WLANs connected to wired LANs and contain access points to channel network traffic.

· Independent network-a peer-to-peer network containing devices (with network adapters) connected to one another, independent of a managing server or other form of administration.

· LAN adapter-generally a PC card in the portable device with an integrated antenna to receive signals from the access point/extension point. Can also be integrated into handhelds.

  • Micro cell-a coverage residence in which devices can hasten freely with a wireless connection. Micro cells are generally circular (depending on the existence of interfering objects such as walls) and overlap to enable seamless connection as a user wanders through the wireless network. Spread spectrum-a radio frequency technology most commonly weak in WLANs. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) are two examples of the spread-spectrum technique. Transceiver-a device, such as a LAN adapter, used to receive signals sent by the transmitter. transmitter-a plan that sends signals to the transceiver (typically an access point or an extension point in WLANs _____Susan to Kalim

Benefits:

In the recenet years the popularity of wireless LANs is a testament primarily to their convenience, cost efficiency, and ease of integration with other networks and network components for the better faciliataion of Clients or customers . Today,the majority of computers sold to consumers today come pre-equipped with all primary wireless LAN technology for the safe faciliation and hassle free un iteruuppetd Internet service .

The benefits of wireless LANs include:

Ø Convenience: The wireless nature of such networks allows users to access network resources from nearly any convenient location within their significant networking environment (a home or office). With the increasing saturation of laptop-style computers, this is particularly relevant.

Ø Mobility: With the emergence of public wireless networks, users can access the internet even outside their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer their customers a wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost.

Productivity: Users connected to a wireless network can acquire a nearly constant affiliation with their desired network as they proceed from place to place. For a business, this implies that an employee can potentially be more productive as his or her work can be accomplished .

Deployment: Initial setup of an infrastructure-based wireless network requires little more than a single access point. Wired networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost and complexity of actual physical cables being urge to numerous locations (which can even be impossible for hard-to-reach locations within a building).

Expandability: Wireless networks can serve a suddenly-increased number of clients with the existing equipment. In a wired network, additional clients would require additional wiring.

Cost: Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase from wired counterparts. This potentially increased cost is almost always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and labor associated to running physical cables.

Disadvantages:

The Wireless LAN technology, while filled with the conveniences and advantages which are described above. It has its share of downfalls or demerits also . If think of nay networking solution, the wireless LANs may not be shipshape for a number of reasons. As most of these have to do with the inherent limitations of the technology because they are sometimes dependent devices ..

Security: The Wireless LAN transceivers are designed to serve computers throughout a structure with uninterrupted service using radio frequencies. Due this space and cost, the antennas typically present on wireless networking cards in the end computers are generally relatively poor. To receive signals properly using such limited antennas or devices throughout even a modest area, the wireless LAN transceiver utilizes a fairly powerful amount of power. It means that not only can the wireless packets be intercepted by a nearby adversary’s poorly-equipped computer, but more importantly, a user willing to spend a small amount of money on a wonderful quality antenna can pick up packets at a remarkable distance as the case may be . Perhaps, the people in hundreds of times the radius as the typical user so they are also vulnerable as they are not secure data transmitters . Actaully, there are even computer users dedicated to locating and sometimes even hacking into wireless network known as wardrivers which really hampers all transmission . wher as On a wired network, any adversary would first have to overcome the physical limitation of tapping into the actual wires, but this is not an issue with wireless packets. To tackel wityh this jam, wireless networks users usually choose to utilize various encryption technologies available such as Wi-Fi_Protected_Access which is useful tool for security purposes. Some of the more older encryption methods, such as WEP are known to have weaknesses that a dedicated adversary can compromise.

Range: As reagrds the typical range of a common 802.11g network with standard equipment is on the order of tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. To get additional range, repeaters or additional access points will have to be purchased. Costs for these items can add up quickly. Other technologies are in the development phase, however, which feature increased range, hoping to render this disadvantage irrelevant.

Reliability: Like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals are subject to a wide variety of interference, as well as complex propagation effects (such as multipath, or especially in this case Rician fading) that are beyond the control of the network administrator. In the case of typical networks, modulation is achieved by complicated forms of phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), making interference and propagation effects all the more disturbing. As a result, important network resources such as servers are rarely connected wirelessly.

Speed: The speed on most wireless networks (typically 1-54 Mbps) is far slower than even the slowest common wired networks (100Mbps up to several Gbps). There are also performance issues caused by TCP and its built-in congestion avoidance. For most users, however, this observation is irrelevant since the speed bottleneck is not in the wireless routing but rather in the outside network connectivity itself. For example, the maximum ADSL throughput (usually 8Mbps or less) offered by telecommunications companies to general-purpose customers is already far slower than the slowest wireless network to which it is typically connected. That is to say, in most environments, a wireless network running at its slowest speed is still faster than the internet connection serving it in the first position. However, in specialized environments, the throughput of a wired network might be necessary. Newer standards such as 802.11n are addressing this limitation and will support peak throughputs in the range of 100-200 mbps.

Wireless LAN architecture using an infrastructure BSS

WLAn can be connected through a cell phone card via GSM network, satellite hardware from your satellite company, or the most common a 802.11 router and either a network card for PCI/PCI inform slot on a desktop, or PCMCIA card for a laptop. Some laptops already come prepared with built-in wireless.

Stations:

All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface cards (WNICs). Wireless stations fall into one of two categories: access points and clients.

Conclusion :

If the fuctions of Wirless Local Area Network are analysed and comapred with cabled Local Area network, it will be definite that Wlan ahs many features and has really apared cost of wirlres and other dsiconnection which is usuallyu found in cabled Wireklwess Set Network . But besides its numerous facilitirs, it ha ssome disadanvanghes which need to be rectafied for improving the wirlress Local rea Network Site . Firstly the WLAN should have trustworthy security while transmitter and receiver receive and send their data . secondly The Speed and the data sent from the main server shoud be strionmg so that it may not regain slow as the distance go incresing . Thirdly the wirless data can easily be caught by the Users whio use strong anatennas while the remote users unprejudiced have to carry on crude signmals and low speed . As the low siognal have low spweed .

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Hyderabad (pronounced ˈhaɪdərəbɑːd or ˈhaɪdrəbæd in English, Telugu: హైదరాబాద్ pronunciation), once known as Bhagya Nagaram (City of Fortune), is the capital city and most populous city of the Indian location of Andhra Pradesh. The city of Hyderabad has grown to merge surrounding urban nodes taking its estimated population to around 7 million. The city thus has been classified as an A-1 status city joining the list of other A-1 cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Bangalore.

Hyderabad is known for its rich history, culture and architecture representing its current character as a meeting point for North and South India, and also its multilingual culture, both geographically, culturally and intellectually. Also known as The City of Nizams and The City of Pearls, Hyderabad is today one of the fast developing cities in the country and a modern hub of Information Technology, ITES, and Biotechnology.

Hyderabad has become a preferred conference venue in India as well as the world, with many conferences and meetings taking region in the city. The city is home to the world’s largest film studio, the Ramoji Film City as well as the second largest film industry in the country, the Telugu Film Industry known popularly as Tollywood. The city is also known to be a sporting destination with many national and international games conducted here. The people here are called Hyderabadis. The city is regarded as a blend of traditionality with modernity.

Etymology: Theories explaining the origins and etymology behind Hyderabad’s name differ. A celebrated theory suggests that after founding the city, Quli Qutb Shah fell in like with and married a local Banjara girl known as Bhagmathi or Bhagyavathi naming the city, Bhagyanagaram. Upon her conversion to Islam, she changed her name to Hyder Mahal and thus the city was named Hyderabad (literally, “the city of Hyder”).

History: Hyderabad’s history dates back to 500 BC, as proved by the discovery of numerous Iron Age sites belonging to that era.

Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty the ruling family of the Golconda, previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared independence in 1512, founded the city of Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591; to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at their old headquarters at Golconda. He also ordered the construction of the Charminar, the iconic monument of the city, in 1591, reportedly in gratitude to the Almighty for piquant the plague epidemic before it did irreversible damage to his new city.

The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured Hyderabad in 1687 and during this short Mughal rule. But the Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (“Governor of the country”) by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over Hyderabad. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad until a year after India’s independence from Britain. Asaf Jah’s successors ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad both culturally and economically.

Hyderabad became the formal capital of the kingdom and Golconda was almost abandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, Himayat Sagar, and others were built. Seek work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams is demonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams which is a tourist attraction.The state was richest and the largest among the princely states of India.The land area of the state was 90,543 mi² its population in 1901 was 5,00,73,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of £9,00,29,000.

After the Indian independence in 1947, under the terms of independence from the British, the Nizam wanted to either remain independent or accede to Pakistan. India, then, implemented an economic blockade and forced Hyderabad state to sign a Standstill Agreement with the Indian Union. On September 17, 1948, more than a year after India had gained independence, the Nizam signed the Instrument of Accession to the Indian Union in the aftermath of Operation Polo.

On November 1, 1956, the states of India were reorganized on linguistic grounds. The territories of the State of Hyderabad were divided between newly created Andhra Pradesh, Bombay state (later Maharashtra), and Karnataka. Hyderabad and the surrounding areas were added to Andhra Pradesh, based on the Telugu speaking community. Thus, Hyderabad became the capital city of the current spot of Andhra Pradesh.

After becoming the capital, the city slowly started to shun the shadow of a princely state and accept importance politically, geographically and economically. People from various parts of the state started settling and investing here. Since ’90s the city has transformed itself hugely to acquire the present form, thanks to liberalisation. This brought many changes in lifestyle, culture. It saw the makeshift of Telugu filmdom from Chennai to Hyderabad. The growth in IT sector and construction of International Airport witnessed rise in various other fields like realestate in 2000s.

Geography and climate: Situated on the Deccan Plateau, Hyderabad has an average elevation of about 500 metres above sea level (1640 ft). Most of the area has a rocky terrain and some areas are hilly. There is a lot of cultivation in the surrounding areas with paddy fields and other crops which are grown.

The original city of Hyderabad was founded on the banks of river Musi. Now known as the historic Mature Town, home to the Charminar and Mecca Masjid, it lies on the southern bank of the river. The heart of the city saw a shift to the north of the river, with the construction of many government buildings and landmarks there, especially south of the Hussain Sagar lake. The rapid growth of the city, along with the merging of Secunderabad, 12 municipal circles and the Cantonment has resulted in a large, united and populous area.

Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate with hot summers from late February to early June, the monsoon season from late June to early October and a warm winter from gradual October to early February. Hyderabad gets about 32 inches (about 810 mm) of rain every year, almost all of it concentrated in the monsoon months. The highest temperature ever recorded was 46 o C (115 F) while the lowest recorded temperature was 10 o C (50 F).

Demographics: The city’s population in 2001 was 5.7 million and it has reached over 7 million in 2009 making it one of the most populous cities in India, while the population of the metropolitan area was estimated above 9 million. Hinduism is the most widely practiced religion in the city. Muslims constitute about 40% of the population, making Hyderabad’s Muslim community the largest in Andhra Pradesh.[9] Muslims have big presence across the city and especially they are densely concentrated in and around Old City. Christians constitute a slight amount of the city’s population. Churches are located across the city and the popular ones are in Abids area.

Though Telugu is the principal language of the city, Hindi and Urdu are also used around the city especially among the North Indians settled there. English has a strong presence among the educated people. The city has a considerable Marathi, Malayalee and Sikh population.

The Telugu spoken here has assimilated many Urdu words into it. Similarly, Urdu spoken here is also unique, with influences of Telugu and Marathi, giving rise to a dialect sometimes called Hyderabadi Urdu or Deccani. The official language, Telugu, varies a little across the state but the core language remains the same.

Administration: The city is administered by Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), whose titular head is the Mayor of Hyderabad who has few executive powers. In the past, the mayor was chosen by the legislative body of the corporation, but just before the last elections, the state government modified the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955, to stipulate that the mayoral election be held directly and simultaneously with the corporation elections. The real executive power of the corporation is vested in the Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the Andhra Pradesh state government. The Mayor and the Corporation legislative body can and have been in the past dismissed by the state government. For several years elections had not been held for the corporation. Recently the corporation completed its stout term and elections are due to the GHMC and for the post of Mayor.

A large part of the twin city Secunderabad and some parts of Hyderabad itself come under the jurisdiction of the Secunderabad Cantonment Board (SCB) owing to a gigantic presence of military units. It provides basic infrastructure like roads, parks, water and other municipal needs to the public residing here.

The city is divided by the state police into Hyderabad Police and Cyberabad Police which approach under the state Home Ministry and are headed by Police Commissioners, who are IPS officers. Basheerbagh, houses important government offices such as the Police Commissioner’s office, Police Control room, Income tax Commissioner’s office, Central Excise and customs office, Central Reservation office etc. The city is divided into five police zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Hyderabad and Cyberabad commissionerates.

The GHMC is in charge of the civic needs and the infrastructure of the city. Hyderabad is divided into 150 municipal wards, each overseen by a corporator. The corporators of the administration are elected through accepted vote, and almost all the political parties field candidates.The twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad are in three districts, Hyderabad, Rangareddy and Medak. The administration of each district is headed by a District Collector who is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central government. The district collectors also oversees the elections held in the city.

Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA), a planning agency headed by the Chief Minister along with a Commissioner has been formed to undertake developmental activities in a jurisdiction of above 6,250 km².

Hyderabad is the seat of the Andhra Pradesh High Court, and also has two lower courts – the Microscopic Causes Court for civil matters and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. The High Court and Legislative Assembly-Council are heritage buildings built by Nizam.

Hyderabad voters send 24 members to the Assembly, whose constituencies come under 5 Lok Sabha segments, in respect to the delimitation of constituencies coming into force w.e.f. 2009 general elections.

The new Assembly segments and their respective Lok Sabha segments are: Amberpet, Jubilee Hills, Khairatabad, Musheerabad, Nampally, Sanathnagar, Secunderabad under Secunderabad LS seat; Bahadurpura, Chandrayanagutta, Charminar, Goshamahal, Karwan, Malakpet, Yakutpura under Hyderabad LS seat; Kukatpally, Lal Bahadur Nagar (LB Nagar), Malkajgiri, Quthbullapur, Secunderabad Cantonment, Uppal under Malkajgiri LS seat; Maheswaram, Rajendranagar and Serilingampally under Chevella LS seat and Patancheru under Medak LS seat.

Economy: Hyderabad is the financial and economic capital of the state of Andhra Pradesh. The city is the largest contributor to the state’s gross domestic product, situation tax and excise revenues. The workforce participation is about 29.55 percent. Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city has changed from being a primarily service city to being one with a more diversified spectrum, including trade, transport, commerce, storage, communication etc. Service industry is the major contributor, with urban workforce constituting 90% of the total workforce.

Hyderabad is known as the city of pearls, lakes and, lately, for its IT companies. The bangles market known as Laad Bazaar is situated advance Charminar. Products such as silverware, saris, Nirmal and Kalamkari paintings and artifacts, fresh Bidri handcrafted items, lacquer bangles studded with stones, silk-ware, cotton-ware and handloom-based clothing materials are made and traded through the city for centuries.

Hyderabad is a major centre for pharmaceuticals with companies such as Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Matrix Laboratories, Hetero Drugs Limited, Divis Labs, Aurobindo Pharma Minute, Lee Pharma and Vimta Labs being housed in the city. Initiatives such as Genome Valley, Fab City and the Nano Technology park are expected to create extensive infrastructure in bio-technology.

Like many Indian cities, Hyderabad has witnessed a remarkable growth in the real estate business, thanks to a predominantly information-technology-driven boom in the 1990s and the retail industry growth over the last few years which have spurred hectic commercial activity. A number of mega malls have come up or are being built in the city. Real estate expect in the suburban and rural areas surrounding Hyderabad has gone up exponentially leading to reckless increase in prices over the past few years.

The retail industry in Hyderabad is on the rise. Many International and national brands have set up retail chains here. The city has multiple CBDs (Central Business district) spread across the city. Major business/commercial districts are Abids-Kothi-Nampally areas, Ameerpet-Punjagutta-Somajiguda, Banjara Hills, Charminar area, Dilsukhnagar, Kukatpally, Patny-Paradise-Karkhana areas, etc. For the advancement of infrastructure in the city, the government is building a skyscraper business district at Manchirevula with a 450 m supertall APIIC Tower at its centre, which upon completion may be the tallest building in India.

Information Technology Industry: Hyderabad city is today known for its IT and IT-enabled services, pharmaceuticals and entertainment industries. Many software firms, call centres, business process outsourcing (BPO) firms, dealing with IT and other technological services were set up in the 1990s making it one of the major regions for call centre setups, technology development and KPO hubs in India. The development of a township with state-of-the-art facilities called HITEC City prompted several IT and ITES companies to dwelling up operations in the city. An aggressive promotion of growth in this dwelling has led civic boosters to call the city “Cyberabad”. Hyderabad has also been referred to as the second Silicon Valley of India next to Bangalore.

There have been extensive investments in digital infrastructure within the city promoting the setting up of several campuses by a vast array of companies within the city. This list includes several multinational corporations having established their development centres in the city. The major areas where such campuses have been location up are Madhapur, Kondapur, Gachibowli and Uppal.

Hyderabad is the south asian home to many Fortune 500 Corporations, majority of them are related to IT or BPO services industry. Microsoft (the largest R&D campus outside the US), Computer Associates, Amazon, GE, IBM,AMD, Accenture, Google, Motorola, DuPont, Deloitte, Oracle Corporation, Dell, Franklin Templeton, Qualcomm, Agilent, ADP, UBS AG, Rockwell Collins, Bank of America, CSC, Verizon, Convergys, Texas Instruments, Hewlett-Packard, Virtusa, are some the Fortune 500 companies that have significant presence in Hyderabad. Honeywell opened a fresh R&D centre at Nanakramguda, which is situated on the verge of Gachibowli.

Indian IT giants such as Satyam, Infosys, Wipro, Patni Computer Systems, Cognizant Technologies, Tata Consultancy Services, Four-Soft Ltd, ICICI Bank, Cybage, Polaris, Infotech Enterprises, Avineon, Apollo Health Street, Zavata Inc and Mayur’s group of industries also have set up their development centres in the city.

Transport
Road: The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation[14] runs a fleet of 19,000 buses, the largest in the world. Hyderabad has the third largest bus station facility in Asia, with 72 platforms for 89 buses to load passengers at a time. Officially named as the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, it is locally known as the Imlibun Bus Station, making trips across the state and to some parts of South India. Jubilee Bus Station at Secunderabad runs buses to various parts of the place. Buses plying in and around the city provide major commutation for city dwellers.

The yellow colored Auto Rickshaw usually referred to as an “auto”, is the most widely used transport/ taxi service and has flag down minimum fare of Rs 12 for first 1.5 km and then Rs 7 per km. Radio Taxis and cabs by private players have provided an easy depart in the city.

Hyderabad is connected to the rest of the country by National Highways—NH-7, NH-9 and NH-202.Hyderabad is well connected to remaining parts of the dwelling. Like other cities, Hyderabad suffers from traffic congestion. Completion of the Inner Ring Road and construction of the Outer Ring Road encircling Hyderabad city is also underway and is touted to make travel in the city easier. Many flyovers and undepasses are also being constructed to ease traffic congestion in the city.

Rail: Hyderabad has a light rail transportation system cum suburban railway system known as the MultiModal Transport System (MMTS) which offer connectivity between rail and road transport for the facility of the commuters. MMTS provides connectivity to all major parts of the city, and is a suitable alternative for those who want to avoid road traffic.

The South Central Railway headquarters are located at Secunderabad. Secunderabad is one of the biggest railway junctions in the Indian Railway map. The three main railway stations are Secunderabad Railway Set, Hyderabad Railway Station (Nampally) and Kachiguda Railway Station, providing connectivity not only within the city but also to the rest of the spot and country. A moden railway terminal is being planned to be constructed near HITEC City railway residence to facilitate passengers in the western parts of the city.

Air: There has been an unprecedented increase in the number of passengers leading to increased air traffic. The Airport at Begumpet was unable to cope up with the situation and was shut down on 22 March 2008. The new state-of-the-art Rajiv Gandhi International Airport opened on March 2008 by Sonia Gandhi at Shamshabad, southwest of the city. The airport has the second longest runway in India next to Delhi and caters to the high passenger and cargo transits. The airport runs flights to all important destinations, both domestically and internationally.

An elevated expressway, named after PV Narasimha Rao, at a length of 11.633 km is being constructed from Mehdipatnam to Aramgarh for providing dedicated high speed travel to the airport. Once completed it will be the longest flyover in India. A proposal for extending the MMTS to the new airport is under consideration. There are three wide roads leading to the novel airport from the city and modern taxis can shuttle passengers between the city and the airport. The Nehru Outer Ring Road between Gachibowli and Shamshabad will also serve as an expressway to the airport.

Culture: The City has evolved into a cosmopolitan society due to the heavy presence of the Information technology Industry while maintaining ancient culture and traditions. Historically, Hyderabad has been the city where distinct cultural and linguistic traditions of North India and South India meet. Hyderabadis, as residents of the city are known, have developed a distinctive culture which is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim traditions.

Women of all cultures and faiths in Hyderabad typically wear either the passe Indian dress, the sari, or, increasingly, the Salwar kameez especially among the younger population. The traditional Hyderabadi garb for females are the Khara Dupatta and the Shalwar Qamis, and for the males, it is the Sherwani. This is one of the more visible cultural attributes of Hyderabad. One of Hyderabad’s public carnivals is the annual immersion of Lord Ganesh idols after the 10 day Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations on Ananta Chaturdashi (locally known as the Ganesh Nimajjanam). It is a spectacular event and attracts many foreigners every year. Bonalu is a vernacular festival that is noted with great fervour. Another is the procession of Muharram which takes place every year 10th Muharram (1st month of Islamic calendar). While this event is mourned throughout the Shia Muslim world, the old city of Hyderabad, known as ‘Charminar’ is distinguished for its grand procession in which participants sacrifice their possess blood by hitting on their heads, chest and back with sharp edge weapons (knives, swords and knives attached to chains).

Cuisine: Hyderabadi cuisine is a blend of Mughal and Persian cuisine. Hyderabadi Biryani is an iconic dish of the site. Other native preparations include Qubani ka meetha, Double ka meetha, Phirni (a sweet vermicelli porridge eaten during the festival of Deepawali), Nahari Kulche also known as paya and Haleem (a meat dish traditionally eaten during the holy month of Ramzan), Kaddu Ki Kheer(A sweet porridge made with sweet guard), Sheer Qorma(a sweet liquidy dish cooked with vermicelli and milk), Mirchi ka saalan, Bagaare Baigan, Khatti Dal, Khichdi and Khatta, Til ki chutney, baigan ki chutney, Til ka Khatta, Aam ka Achaar, Gosht ka achaar, PeosiIndian sweets are known for their ghee-based items. Famous sweet shops include the traditionally made Pullareddy Sweets. Widely found on street-corners are Irani café’s that offer Irani chai, Irani samosa and Osmania biscuit.

The Western junkfood, Italian, Mexican and Chinese cuisine are all popular in the city along with typical Andhra and other South Indian cuisine. The city also has some of the best pubs in South Asia and is increasingly becoming a favourite destination for Trance Music.

Hospitality: Hyderabad has some of the best hotels meeting all ranges of people. Some of the 5 star hotels are ITC Kakatiya Sheraton, Taj Krishna, Taj Deccan, Hotel Novotel Hyderabad, Hyderabad Marriott, Tulip Manohar, Hotel Ista etc.; 4 star hotels like Hotel Greenpark, Hotel Peppermint, Hotel Kasani GR etc.. Hotel Novotel Hyderabad Airport at Shamshabad is the newly built hotel for passengers coming from various countries to Hyderbad. Many hotels are in the pipeline in view of the increasing demand in this sector.

Education and research: Hyderabad is an important seat of learning in India. It is surrounded by hundreds of engineering colleges.The city is home to three central universities, two deemed universities, and six state universities. Among them is the Osmania University, established in 1917, which is the seventh oldest university in India and the third oldest in South India.[20] Important institutions for technical education such as International Institute of Information Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University are located in this city. Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, a well known educational institution in the field of Agriculture is located on the outskirts of the city. Valuable medical institutions such as the Gandhi Medical College, Osmania Medical College and several other private medical colleges such as Deccan College of Medical Sciences are located in Hyderabad.Birla Institute of Technology and Science-(BITS Pilani) has established its branch campus at Shamirpet. IIT has started off its temporary campus at Hyderabad.

The Indian School of Business, a top ranking business school which attracts students from all over the world is show at Gachibowli, Hyderabad. Hyderabad Central University, National Academy of Legal Studies & Research, Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University, Maulana Azad National Urdu University and English and Foreign Languages University, Indira Gandhi National Originate University, Flytech Aviation Academy are other well-known universities which are present in the city.

Hyderabad has various research institutes such as the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), National Geophysical Research Institute(NGRI), IRISET for railway signal engineering and ICRISAT. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) along with DRDL and DERL has research centres in Hyderabad to develop communication and radar systems and for the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP). Nuclear energy sector has a strong presence with three organisations under Department of Atomic Energy (India) including the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC) and Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL).

Media
Film Industry:
Hyderabad is home to the second largest film industry in India, Telugu cinema, also known as Tollywood which produces approximately 150 movies every year. Saradhi Studios, Annapurna Studios, Ramanaidu Studios, Ramakrishna Studios, Padmalaya Studios, Ramoji Film City (the largest Film Studio in the India) are some of the considerable film studios in the city. The first Hyderabad International Film Festival (HIFF) was organised in 2007 by the Hyderabad Film Club and Andhra Pradesh Film Directors Association.The largest IMAX 3D Theater in the state is Prasads IMAX along with 4D Simulator at Hyderabad, India. Adlabs Goldspot, PVR Cinemas, Cine Planet, BIG Cinemas and Talkie Town are some other multiplexes in Hyderabad. In the year 2009, 17 multiplexes are going to open including one by the Maducon group at Kukatpally.

Arts & Theater: Ravindra Bharati located at Saifabad, is an principal and well known center for theatre and performing arts in the city. Many artists from around the world beget here regularly. Lalithakala Thoranam, Shilpakala Vedika are also similar centers for arts and theatre. State-of-the-art Hyderabad International Convention Center (HICC) or simply HITEX is the first of its kind in South Asia and is now one among the world’s great convention centers.

Electronic Media: The radio industry has expanded with a number of private and government owned FM channels being introduced. The FM radio channels that broadcast in the city include AIR Vividh Bharathi FM (102.8 MHz), AIR Rainbow FM (101.9 MHz), Radio Mirchi FM (98.3 MHz), Radio City FM (91.1 MHz), Big FM (92.7 MHz), S FM (93.5 MHz) and AIR Gyan Vani FM (107.6 MHz). State-owned Doordarshan transmits two terrestrial television channels and one satellite television channel from Hyderabad. Some prominent private regional television channels broadcasting from Hyderabad are ETV, Gemini, Teja, Maa TV, ETV Urdu, Vissa, ETV2, TV9, Zee Telugu, NTV, TV5, RTV, Bhakthi TV, Samskruthi.

Print Media: Hyderabad has three print media groups that publish several newspapers and magazines in English, Telugu and Urdu. The major Telugu dailies include the Eenadu, Saakshi, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi, Andhra Prabha, Andhra Bhoomi, Praja Shakthi. The major English dailies are The Deccan Chronicle, Business Standard, The Hindu, The Times of India, The Indian Express and The Economic Times. Hyderabad publishes more number of Urdu dailies than any other Indian city. The major Urdu dailies are The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily, The Etemaad, Rehnuma-e-Deccan, Rozanama Rashtriya Sahara and The Daily Milap.

Communication Services: Hyderabad is covered by a large network of optical fibre cables. There are four fixed telephone line operators in the city: BSNL, Tata Indicom, Reliance and Airtel. There are seven mobile phone companies in which GSM players include BSNL, Vodafone, Idea, Airtel; CDMA services offered by BSNL, Virgin Mobile, Tata Indicom and Reliance currently, with Spice Telecom soon to launch its services.

Sports: Cricket and hockey are the most popular sports in the city. Hyderabad Sultans won the inaugural Premiere Hockey League championship in 2005. The city took pride in hosting National Games and Afro-Asian Games. Hyderabad 10k Run is a marathon event conducted every year.

The earliest stadium built in the city is the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium. Formerly known as Fateh Maidan, it was, till recently, the city’s only stadium that could conduct International cricket matches. The first cricket match played here was on November 19, 1955. The stadium is currently being used to conduct ICL matches. The recent Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium at Uppal has a capacity of approximately 55,000 spectators and is being enhanced to have world class facilities. It houses an ultra-modern gymnasium along with a swimming pool. Hyderabad’s Deccan Chargers franchise in the Indian Premier League was bought by Deccan Chronicle for USD 107 million. Notable players include Adam Gilchrist, Andrew Symonds, VVS Laxman, Herschelle Gibbs, Scott Styris, RP Singh, Shahid Afridi, Rohit Sharma and Chaminda Vaas.

The city houses the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex, the G.M.C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium at Gachibowli for hockey and football and a sophisticated Velodrome for cycling at Osmania University. The city has state-of-the-art venues for gymnastics, archery and sepak takraw, shooting at Saroornagar Indoor Arena and University of Hyderabad respectively. The Aquatics Complex Stadium at Gachibowli, with a capacity of 3000 spectators hosts swimming, diving, water polo and synchronized events. Kotla Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Indoor Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium with a capacity of 2500 spectators and wooden flooring with temperature control. SAAP Tennis Complex has a central court that holds 5000 spectators and has seven courts with synthetic surface. Water games like rowing, yachting, kayaking and canoeing are conducted at Hussain Sagar lake. The city also has five Go-Karting tracks and a Paint Ball Field. There are venues for table-tennis, basketball, equestrianism, boxing, weight-lifting with world class facilities.

The city is well known for Horse racing. The Hyderabad Run Club formerly known as the Nizam Race Club is located at Malakpet. The Hyderabad accelerate club attracts jockeys from all over the country by conducting various derbys/events here. Deccan derby, a popular annual event is a regular feature here. The winter races also were conducted here recently. Badminton is played in various parks.

Tourist Attractions
- Charminar – the major landmark in Hyderabad with four graceful minarets located in the old city. It is built as a memorial for plague victims. Charminar in most occasions is used to report the city and the dwelling and is hailed as a unique Deccan monument. It is in the midst of Charkaman.

- Falaknuma Palace – Built by an Italian architect through one of the Paigah nobles, Nawab Viqar al-Umra’, complete in Italian marble. It’s a beautiful and magnificent share of architecture with Louis XIV-style decor, a lavish Mughal ambience, Italian marble staircases and ornate fountains. It has now been undertaken by Taj group to develop this as Heritage Hotel.

- Golconda Fort – Once abandoned by Qutub Shahis, Golconda Fort is one of the most magnificent fortress complexes in India. Seated on a hill on one side and spiraling fort on the other, it’s location and internal design made it one of the strongest forts in the world.

- Chowmahalla Palace- It was the seat of Asaf Jahi dynasty, where the Nizam entertained his official guests and royal visitors. Initiated in 1750 by Nizam Salabat Jung and designed along the lines of the Shah’s palace in Isfahan, this actually consists of a group of palaces each used as a Durbar Hall. It has now been aesthetically renovated and is also venue for conferences.

- Salar Jung Museum – The museum houses the largest one-man collection of antiques in the world. Collections includeThe Veiled Rebecca and other immense collection of artifacts dating back to a few centuries. A mere day isn’t enough to cover the whole museum.

- Taramati Baradari – It is Located near Golconda on the way to Gandipet. It was built by a Qutb Shahi sultan. Newly added structures are the venues to many conferences. Similar structures like Premavati and Bhagmati can be seen from here.

- Mecca Masjid – a stone-built mosque, which lies immediate southwest of Charminar. Remarkable for its architecture, size and its royal splendor, this is one of the most beautiful mosques in Hyderabad. It is famous for its symmetry and the gateway bricks that are believed to be from Mecca.

- Birla Mandir – a Hindu temple made of white marble located on top of a hill overlooking the city.

- Birla Science Museum – The science centre is another beautiful structure, reflecting the advances made in science and technology. The interior décor matches the architectural exterior of the centre built over 10,000 sq ft (930 m2). The centre is host to a number of divisions such as the Planetarium, the Science Museum, and the centre for Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences.

- Public Gardens – Located adjacent to the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, the gardens host the Horticulture department of Andhra Pradesh, the place museum of history and archeology and a sprawling park. Beside this is the Lalithakala thoranam, which is a venue for various cultural activities.

- Ravindra Bharati – The stage for all performing arts, especially for those enhancing the state and Indian cultures. Shows are held almost every evening throughout the calendar year which include musical and dance performances, drama, award ceremonies and special events of the government.

- Birla Planetarium – The Planetarium is another magnificent building with a big dome resembling that of the Gol Gumbaz in Bijapur and some of the earliest government structures in New Delhi. A special attraction are the shows which unveil the mysteries of the cosmos and the origins of the universe, comets, eclipses, unidentified flying objects and the clash of titans. The latest addition is the Dinosaurium, which houses a collection of dinosaur egg fossils. The highlight of the museum is a mounted Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis, the remains of a 160 million old dinosaur.

- Purani Haveli – The official place of the Nizam.

- King Kothi Palace – The last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan lived here.

- Qutub Shahi Tombs – Home to various Tombs dedicated to Rulers of Qutub Shahi dynasty, located at Shaikpet, near Golconda Fort. These are an example of Deccan architecture with mammoth minarets, huge domes, sparkling marble designs and multiple inner passages.

- Paigah Tombs – These are recently discovered series of mausoleums with unique geometrical sculptures which were no where found in the world. These are located at Chandrayanagutta. Paigahs were noblemen under the reign of Nizams.

- Lumbini Park – This is one of the popular parks in the city. The main attraction of this park was the Musical fountain. It is now replaced by the 1500 seater Laserium, the first of its kind in the state. Boat rides take you across the lake to give you a closer inspect of the Buddha.

- Ananda Buddha Vihara – It is a Buddhist tourist destination. Located at posh Mahendra Hills, it houses meditation hall, a museum and rest houses for monks etc.

- Hussain Sagar – It is a man-made lake is also famous for the 19-metre tall Buddha statue on a platform island called Rock of Gibraltar in the middle of the lake, and for the Tank Bund which consists of beautiful gardens and statues of famous personalities. Boating and water sports are a regular feature here. Tall monolithic Buddha statue erected in the middle of the lake adds charm to this lake.

- Nehru Zoological Park – This zoo is the largest in India by area, houses a large variety of animals, birds, nocturnal species, aquatic and amphibian species. Located close to this is the Mir Alam Sagar, which is proposed to be converted into an Aquarium along the lines of Sentosa, Singapore. Its original feature is the 21 in-built masonry dams that are jewel shaped, which were built in 1806 by the then prime minister Mir Alam.

- Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens – These gardens located at Kondapur are spread across a sprawling area of 130 acres (0.53 km2), housing different varieties of herbs, plants, trees etc. These gardens provide a complete visual treat to the eyes with water bodies, meadows and rich grasslands – nature at its best. Night Safari Park is adjacent to this.

- Chilukuru Balaji Temple – It is the temple of Lord Sri Venkateshwara. Located around 23 km from Mehdipatnam.

- Necklace road – This popular boulevard lies on the other side of the lake, linking the IMAX theatre and Sanjivaiah park. This has become the-place-to-be for the Hyderabadis in the evenings. This strip provides a scenic atmosphere with lush lawns and long rows of flower beds. Eat-Street,Water Front are popular restaurants located on this strip. The latest addition to this strip is the Jala Vihar, a mini water world designed to soothe your senses.

- NTR Gardens – This leisure spot is located beside the IMAX theatre. Situated on 36 acres (150,000 m2) of land adjoining the Hussain sagar, these gardens provide of entertainment and recreation to families and youth alike. It also houses a memorial of Late Shri N.T.Rama Rao, former Chief Minister. It is renowned for its creative design which includes tree-top restaurants and architecture.

- Osman Sagar, Gandipet – A man-made lake, the largest in Hyderabad. The lake is a major drinking water source to the city. Abutting the lake are lush gardens that provide an ideal ambience for a holiday.

- Himayat Sagar – It is the twin lake to Gandipet lake. It comes along the way on Outer Ring Road enroute to airport which is a beautiful notion.

- Laad Bazaar – Also called Chudi Bazaar is on the west of Charminar, and known for its radiant bangles, jewelry and pearls.

- Lotus Pond – A beautiful garden built around a pond situated in Jubilee Hills, said to have been designed by an Italian designer. This garden is currently maintained by the Municipal Corporation. It is also home to a few rare species of birds.

- Durgam Cheruvu – Also called The Secret Lake it is a peaceful boulevard near the bustling Madhapur.

- Shilparamam- Located opposite Cyber towers, HITEC city, it is an arts and crafts village which was conceived with an idea to create an environment for the preservation of traditional crafts such as sculpting wonders from stone, weaving in cotton, silk and gold thread, Dhaka muslin, Kondapalli toys, Bankura horses, gudda-guddis of Punjab, temple arts and a motley of Indian arts and crafts. Cessation proximity to this is the Shilpakala vedika, a conference hall built with exquisite ethnic decor as well as with all state-of-the-art facilities.

- Sanghi Temple – A temple dedicated to Lord Venkateshwara graces a promontory overlooking Sanghi Nagar, near Ramoji Film City.

- Ramoji Film City (RFC) – It is the world’s largest integrated film studio cum theme park, at nearly 3,000 acres (8 km²). It is also one of Asia’s most popular tourism and recreation centres. Recently, it has made its way to the Guinness Book of World Records for being the largest film studio in the world. Opened in 1996, it is about 20 min. drive from Hyderabad on Vijayawada Highway.

- Kasu Brahmananda Reddy Park – A sanctuary for Peacocks and Anteaters along with many other species including Monkeys and Snakes, the sanctuary is the green place of the richest area of the city, Jubilee Hills.

- Mahaveer Harina Vanasthali Park – Located near posh locality of Vanasthalipuram, previously it is a hunting (shikari) spot for Nizams it is now a picnic spot for the city people. Nischalvan Eco-tourism project is located here.

- Mriganavani wildlife sanctuary – A sanctuary for deer and leopards, it is located enroute to Chilkur. The Outer Ring Road passes over (flyover) through this national park which is a thrilling experience.

- Anantagiri Hill station – Located near Vikarabad, just 2 hour drive from Hyderabad, it is the place where River Musi originated. It is an exotic hill station far away from hustle and bustle of the city, providing trekking, camping and many adventures to do. Added to this are many up coming hill resorts where you can spend a happy weekend or vacation. In one word to say it is the Araku Valley of Hyderabad.
Besides, many resorts like Pragati Green Meadows, Golkonda Spa cum Resort, Lahari Resorts, Alankrita Resorts, Dream Valley and recreation spots like Treasure Island, Runway 9, Ocean Park, Mount Opera, Dhola-ri-Dhani make Hyderabad an ideal destination for tourists.

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